Synonym: 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine, Caffeine CAS Number: 58-08-2 Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 Molecular Weight: 194.19 Beilstein Registry Number: 17705 EC Number: 200-362-1 MDL Number: MFCD00005758. EFSA explains risk assessment: Caffeine View page or View pdf: Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine View page or View pdf: Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, Revision 1 (FGE.49Rev1): xanthine alkaloids from the priority list View page or View pdf: EPI System: View: ClinicalTrials.gov: search: Daily Med: search.
Bryan Bordeaux, DO, MPHBryan Bordeaux, DO, MPH
Introduction: Energy drinks are popular beverages that are supposed to counteract sleepiness, increase energy, maintain alertness and reduce symptoms of hangover. Cognitive enhancing seems to be related to many compounds such as caffeine, taurine and vitamins. Currently, users mostly combine psychostimulant effects of energy drinks to counteract sedative effects of alcohol. Caffeine-1 3 C 3, 1.0 mg/mL $120.00 C-175-1ML: Caffeine Impurity Mixture, 0.04-2.0 mg/mL $634.00 C-194-1ML: 6-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-5-(formylamino) uracil (Caffeine Imp B), 40 μg/mL $212.00 C-195-1ML.
- SGIM Peer Reviewer
- Clinical Instructor in Ambulatory Care and Prevention
- Harvard Medical School
Harris R Lieberman, PhD
- Military Nutrition Division
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
David Seres, MD
- Section Editor — Nutrition
- Director of Medical Nutrition
- Associate Professor of Medicine in the Institute for Human Nutrition
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Lisa Kunins, MD
- Deputy Editor — Primary Care (Adult)
INTRODUCTION
Caffeinated coffee and tea are the most consumed, socially accepted stimulants in the world. Approximately 90 percent of all adults in the world consume caffeine daily. In their natural forms, coffee and tea contain several chemical components that may confer both beneficial and adverse health effects, including caffeine and antioxidants (eg, polyphenols, catechins, and flavonoids).
Most of the data on the health benefits and risks of caffeine are from observational studies in which self-reported consumption of beverages and foods is associated with health outcomes. Such studies make it difficult to identify caffeine itself as the causative agent and to exclude residual confounding. Based on available data, there is insufficient evidence for promoting or discouraging regular coffee and/or tea consumption. Caffeine has multiple systemic effects on the neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems. The impact on health may be modified by genetic factors, age, sex, medications, and other environmental exposures.
This review will focus on the effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages on specific disease processes, including insulin resistance, cancer, and all-cause mortality. The specific effects of caffeine on the cardiovascular system, as well as the effects of caffeine on pregnancy, are discussed separately. (See 'Cardiovascular effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages' and 'Nutrition in pregnancy'.)
CONSUMPTION
Safe levels — For most adults, consumption of up to 400 mg of caffeine a day appears to be safe [1-3]. A list of commonly consumed caffeinated beverages and average caffeine content is shown in the table (table 1).
Limited data are available about safe levels of caffeine consumption in children and adolescents. A systematic review found that intake of 2.5 mg caffeine/kg of body weight per day is not associated with adverse effects [3]. Young adults need to be cautioned about using caffeinated energy drinks in excess and not mixing them with other substances. (See 'Dependence and abuse' below.)
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Literature review current through: Sep 2020. | This topic last updated: Sep 24, 2020.
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- Tea Fact Sheet. Tea association of the USA, Inc. Available at: www.teausa.com/general/teafactsheet-updated2-10-06.pdf (Accessed on October 11, 2011).
- US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Consumer Advice on Powdered Pure Caffeine. www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm405787.htm (Accessed on July 28, 2014).
- Carvey CE, Thompson LA, Lieberman HR. Caffeine: Mechanism of action, genetics and behavioral studies conducted in simulators and in the field. In: Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition, Wesensten NJ (Ed), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom 2012. p.93.
- Lieberman HR. Foods and Food Constituents, Effects on Human Behavior. In: The Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Adelman G, Smith B (Eds), Elsevier Science, The Netherlands 2004.
- Lieberman HR, Carvey CE, Thompson LA. Caffeine. In: Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, Coates PM (Ed), Informa Health Care, New York 2010. p.90.
- Griffiths RR. Principles of Addiction Medicine, Graham AW (Ed), 2003. p.193.
- Uhde TW. Neurobiology of Panic Disorder, Ballenger JC (Ed), p.219.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA 2013.
DENVER — Of the many ballot measures Coloradans will be voting on this November, Amendment 76 seems like the simplest to understand.
MORE:Colorado election 2020: A guide to navigating the 11 statewide initiatives on this year's ballot
The amendment asks whether voters would like to change the wording in Article VII Section 1 of the Colorado Constitution, which reads, “Every citizen of the United States who has attained the age of eighteen years, has resided in this state for such time as may be prescribed by law, and has been duly registered as a voter if required by law shall be qualified to vote in all elections.”
Kramer guitar serial numbers. Amendment 76 proposes to change the wording from “every citizen” to “only a citizen” in the constitution.
The case for making the change
Supporters of Amendment 76 believe there is some ambiguity in the way the Colorado Constitution reads that needs to be cleared up.
“If you look at the dictionary, a citizen is someone who resides in a city or town or municipality. That doesn’t comport with the original intent of the constitutional language,” said Joe Stengel, the registered agent for the Yes on Amendment 76 campaign.
Stengel admits that noncitizens are currently not allowed to vote in elections, but says this will help clarify the language for the future.
“Because of the new way things are looked at today, citizenship is being expanded to people who are not citizens of the United States as to their ability to vote in elections. So, we are trying to make the language tightened so it’s very understandable what the framers of the constitution of Colorado and the United States intended,” Stengel said.
Supporters argue this will guarantee that the state will not try to pursue policies that allow noncitizens to vote and provides additional constitutional protections.
“Voting is a fundamental right that’s reserved and enshrined to either native citizens or naturalized citizens, and noncitizens shouldn’t have that right or the ability to vote in an election,” he said.
The Blue Book analysis for Amendment 76 said that it’s unclear whether this measure would apply to cities or towns with home rule charters. Home rule allows those municipalities to create some of their own rules when it comes to voting in local elections.
Colorado has more than 100 home rule municipalities across the state.
Stengel and supporters of the change insist this will apply to all federal, state and local elections and say recent court cases have already decided the issue of home rule.
The case against making the change
Caffeinated 1 1 76 Grams
Opponents of Amendment 76 say the change to the Colorado Constitution is divisive and aims to solve a problem that doesn’t exist.
“Amendment 76 is completely unnecessary. The goal of 76 is to set a tone for voter suppression and voter disenfranchisement,” said Julian Camera, the campaign manager for the opposition to the amendment. “The intent behind 76 is to kind of make voters believe that non-voters are fraudulently voting in our elections, and that’s simply not an issue in our state or in our country.”
Beyond that, Camera believes it sends a negative message to immigrants about the state’s attitude toward them and say this could be a slippery slope toward more voting restrictions.
“What it’s going to do is it’s going to open the door for limited voting like voter ID requirements,” Camera said. Driver modem wellcomm w238g untuk windows 8 office for mac.
A second group could also be affected by this wording change. The Blue Book analysis states 17 year olds would not be allowed to vote in the primary elections.
Last year, the Colorado Votes Act made it so that 17 year olds who will be 18 by the November election are allowed to participate in the primary. February was the first time those teens had a chance to put the new law into action in the state and nearly 10,000 of these teens participated in the presidential election. More than 4,300 others participated in the state’s primaries.
“It’s a way to engage our 17 year olds in our democracy, to get their voices into the election system at a younger age, to learn about voting at a time when it’s critical,” Camera said.
He’s worried about the new limits to voting and the message this amendment would send to younger voters.
Stengel disagrees, calling the argument a red herring and insisting the amendment won’t affect the voting age. He says that’s something that can be addressed in the future with a different initiative.
Finally, opponents of Amendment 76 say there is too much outside influence trying to influence this election.
Two other states have already passed similar laws. Colorado Citizen Voters, which supports the measure, is also a local affiliate of the Florida group Citizen Voters, Inc.
“Colorado Citizens out of Florida, they have a ton of money and they are pushing this amendment or very identical amendments in states across the country,” Camera said.
He believes this is part of a more concerted national effort to change voting systems.
Stengel argues that there is a lot of outside influence with every initiative this year.
“I don’t believe there’s one that doesn’t or hasn’t had an outside influence and outside money coming in. So, to strictly pick on 76 because it’s perceived to be influenced by outsiders, I think it’s factually invalid,” Stengel said.
The Final say
Caffeinated 1 1 76 Ml
Of the 11 statewide ballot initiatives voters face this November, Amendment 76 has the shortest write-up in the blue book.
Caffeinated 1 1 76 Kg
The question asks voters to change a single word in the Colorado Constitution.
Caffeinated 1 1 76 Resz
On election day, it will be up to voters to decide the fate of that word by picking one of their own: yes or no.